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Amazon AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional Sample Questions (Q198-Q203):

NEW QUESTION # 198
A company runs a workload on Amazon EC2 instances. The company needs a control that requires the use of Instance Metadata Service Version 2 (IMDSv2) on all EC2 instances in the AWS account. If an EC2 instance does not prevent the use of Instance Metadata Service Version 1 (IMDSv1), the EC2 instance must be terminated.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

• A. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for the EC2 instance launch successful event. Send the event to an AWS Lambda function to inspect the EC2 metadata and to terminate the instance.
• B. Set up Amazon Inspector in the account. Configure Amazon Inspector to activate deep inspection for EC2 instances. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for an Inspector2 finding. Set an AWS Lambda function as the target to terminate the instance.
• C. Set up AWS Config in the account. Use a managed rule to check EC2 instances. Configure the rule to remediate the findings by using AWS Systems Manager Automation to terminate the instance.
• D. Create a permissions boundary that prevents the ec2:Runlnstance action if the ec2:MetadataHttpTokens condition key is not set to a value of required. Attach the permissions boundary to the IAM role that was used to launch the instance.

Answer: D

Explanation:
To implement a control that requires the use of IMDSv2 on all EC2 instances in the account, the DevOps engineer can use a permissions boundary. A permissions boundary is a policy that defines the maximum permissions that an IAM entity can have. The DevOps engineer can create a permissions boundary that prevents the ec2:RunInstance action if the ec2:MetadataHttpTokens condition key is not set to a value of required. This condition key enforces the use of IMDSv2 on EC2 instances. The DevOps engineer can attach the permissions boundary to the IAM role that was used to launch the instance. This way, any attempt to launch an EC2 instance without using IMDSv2 will be denied by the permissions boundary.

NEW QUESTION # 199
A company gives its employees limited rights to AWS DevOps engineers have the ability to assume an administrator role. For tracking purposes, the security team wants to receive a near-real-time notification when the administrator role is assumed.
How should this be accomplished?

• A. Create an Amazon EventBridge event rule using an AWS Management Console sign-in events event pattern that publishes a message to an Amazon SNS topic if the administrator role is assumed
• B. Configure Amazon GuardDuty to monitor when the administrator role is assumed and send a notification to the security team
• C. Create an Amazon EventBridge events rule using an AWS API call that uses an AWS CloudTrail event pattern to invoke an AWS Lambda function that publishes a message to an Amazon SNS topic if the administrator role is assumed.
• D. Configure AWS Config to publish logs to an Amazon S3 bucket Use Amazon Athena to query the logs and send a notification to the security team when the administrator role is assumed

Answer: C

Explanation:
* Create an Amazon EventBridge Rule Using an AWS CloudTrail Event Pattern:
AWS CloudTrail logs API calls made in your account, including actions performed by roles.
Create an EventBridge rule that matches CloudTrail events where the AssumeRole API call is made to assume the administrator role.
* Invoke an AWS Lambda Function:
Configure the EventBridge rule to trigger a Lambda function whenever the rule's conditions are met.
The Lambda function will handle the logic to send a notification.
* Publish a Message to an Amazon SNS Topic:
The Lambda function will publish a message to an SNS topic to notify the security team.
Subscribe the security team's email address to this SNS topic to receive real-time notifications.
Example EventBridge rule pattern:
{
"source": ["aws.cloudtrail"],
"detail-type": ["AWS API Call via CloudTrail"],
"detail": {
"eventSource": ["sts.amazonaws.com"],
"eventName": ["AssumeRole"],
"requestParameters": {
"roleArn": ["arn:aws:iam::<account-id>:role/AdministratorRole"]
}
}
}
Example Lambda function (Node.js) to publish to SNS:
const AWS = require('aws-sdk');
const sns = new AWS.SNS();
exports.handler = async (event) => {
const params = {
Message: `Administrator role assumed: ${JSON.stringify(event.detail)}`, TopicArn: 'arn:aws:sns:<region>:<account-id>:<sns-topic>'
};
await sns.publish(params).promise();
};
Reference:
Creating EventBridge Rules
Using AWS Lambda with Amazon SNS

NEW QUESTION # 200
A company is using AWS to run digital workloads. Each application team in the company has its own AWS account for application hosting. The accounts are consolidated in an organization in AWS Organizations.
The company wants to enforce security standards across the entire organization. To avoid noncompliance because of security misconfiguration, the company has enforced the use of AWS CloudFormation. A production support team can modify resources in the production environment by using the AWS Management Console to troubleshoot and resolve application-related issues.
A DevOps engineer must implement a solution to identify in near real time any AWS service misconfiguration that results in noncompliance. The solution must automatically remediate the issue within 15 minutes of identification. The solution also must track noncompliant resources and events in a centralized dashboard with accurate timestamps.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development overhead?

• A. Turn on AWS CloudTrail in the AWS accounts. Analyze CloudTrail logs by using Amazon Athena to identify noncompliant resources. Use AWS Step Functions to track query results on Athena for drift detection and to invoke an AWS Lambda function for remediation. For tracking, set up an Amazon QuickSight dashboard that uses Athena as the data source.
• B. Turn on the configuration recorder in AWS Config in all the AWS accounts to identify noncompliant resources. Enable AWS Security Hub with the ~no-enable-default-standards option in all the AWS accounts. Set up AWS Config managed rules and custom rules. Set up automatic remediation by using AWS Config conformance packs. For tracking, set up a dashboard on Security Hub in a designated Security Hub administrator account.
• C. Turn on AWS CloudTrail in the AWS accounts. Analyze CloudTrail logs by using Amazon CloudWatch Logs to identify noncompliant resources. Use CloudWatch Logs filters for drift detection.Use Amazon EventBridge to invoke the Lambda function for remediation. Stream filtered CloudWatch logs to Amazon OpenSearch Service. Set up a dashboard on OpenSearch Service for tracking.
• D. Use CloudFormation drift detection to identify noncompliant resources. Use drift detection events from CloudFormation to invoke an AWS Lambda function for remediation. Configure theLambda function to publish logs to an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Configure an Amazon CloudWatch dashboard to use the log group for tracking.

Answer: B

Explanation:
The best solution is to use AWS Config and AWS Security Hub to identify and remediate noncompliant resources across multiple AWS accounts. AWS Config enables continuous monitoring of the configuration of AWS resources and evaluates them against desired configurations. AWS Config can also automatically remediate noncompliant resources by using conformance packs, which are a collection of AWS Config rules and remediation actions that can be deployed as a single entity. AWS Security Hub provides a comprehensive view of the security posture of AWS accounts and resources. AWS Security Hub can aggregate and normalize the findings from AWS Config and other AWS services, as well as from partner solutions. AWS Security Hub can also be used to create a dashboard for tracking noncompliant resources and events in a centralized location.
The other options are not optimal because they either require more development overhead, do not provide near real time detection and remediation, or do not provide a centralized dashboard for tracking.
Option A is not optimal because CloudFormation drift detection is not a near real time solution. Drift detection has to be manually initiated on each stack or resource, or scheduled using a cron expression. Drift detection also does not provide remediation actions, so a custom Lambda function has to be developed and invoked. CloudWatch Logs and dashboard can be used for tracking, but they do not provide a comprehensive view of the security posture of the AWS accounts and resources.
Option B is not optimal because CloudTrail logs analysis using Athena is not a near real time solution. Athena queries have to be manually run or scheduled using a cron expression. Athena also does not provide remediation actions, so a custom Lambda function has to be developed and invoked. Step Functions can be used to orchestrate the query and remediation workflow, but it adds more complexity and cost. QuickSight dashboard can be used for tracking, but it does not provide a comprehensive view of the security posture of the AWS accounts and resources.
Option D is not optimal because CloudTrail logs analysis using CloudWatch Logs is not a near real time solution. CloudWatch Logs filters have to be manually created or updated for each resource type and configuration change. CloudWatch Logs also does not provide remediation actions, so acustom Lambda function has to be developed and invoked. EventBridge can be used to trigger the Lambda function, but it adds more complexity and cost. OpenSearch Service dashboard can be used for tracking, but it does not provide a comprehensive view of the security posture of the AWS accounts and resources.
References:
* AWS Config conformance packs
* Introducing AWS Config conformance packs
* Managing conformance packs across all accounts in your organization

NEW QUESTION # 201
A company has an AWS CodeDeploy application. The application has a deployment group that uses a single tag group to identify instances for the deployment of ApplicationA. The single tag group configuration identifies instances that have Environment=Production and Name=ApplicattonA tags for the deployment of ApplicationA.
The company launches an additional Amazon EC2 instance with Department=Marketing Environment

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